Pedro is cruel, and though he raises one of his illegitimate sons, Miguel Páramo (whose mother dies giving birth), Pedro does not love his father (who dies when Pedro is a child) or either of his two wives. The omniscient narration provides details of the life of Pedro Páramo, from his early youthful idealization of Susana San Juan to his rise to power upon his coming of age to his tyrannical abuses and womanizing, and, finally, to his death. The two major competing narrative voices present alternative visions of Comala, one living and one full of the spirits of the dead. Most of the characters in Juan's narration (Dolores Preciado, Eduviges Dyada, Abundio Martínez, Susana San Juan, and Damiana Cisneros) are also presented in an omniscient narration but much less subjectively. From this point on most of the stories happen in the time of Pedro Páramo. Midway through the novel, Preciado dies while still looking for his father. Juan encounters one person after another in Comala, but the narrative is often ambiguous as to whether conversations are real, visions, dreams or hallucinations. His narration is interspersed with fragments of dialogue from the life of his father, who lived in a time when Comala was a robust, living town, instead of the ghost town it has become. Juan suggests that he did not intend to keep this promise until he was overtaken by visions of his mother. The story begins with the first person account of Juan Preciado, who promises his mother at her deathbed that he will return to Comala to meet his father, Pedro Páramo. The novel is set in the town of Comala, considered to be Comala in the Mexican state of Colima. Moreover, García Márquez claimed that he "could recite the whole book, forwards and backwards." Jorge Luis Borges considered Pedro Páramo to be one of the greatest texts written in any language. Gabriel García Márquez has said that he felt blocked as a novelist after writing his first four books and that it was only his life-changing discovery of Pedro Páramo in 1961 that opened his way to the composition of his masterpiece, One Hundred Years of Solitude. Pedro Páramo has been translated into more than 30 different languages and the English version has sold more than a million copies in the United States. Páramo was a key influence on Latin American writers such as Gabriel García Márquez. Initially, the novel was met with cold critical reception and sold only two thousand copies during the first four years later, however, the book became highly acclaimed. That is, a town populated by spectral figures, who reveal details about their own lives (and afterlife) and about Preciado's father: Pedro Páramo. Pedro Páramo is a novel written by Mexican writer Juan Rulfo about a man named Juan Preciado, who promises his mother at her deathbed to meet his father for the first time in Comala, only to come across a literal ghost town.
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